本章課程重點包括：

一、認識子夏

子夏也是孔門四科弟子文學科的代表，小孔子四十四歲，他在孔子過世以後，到西河去行教，是魏文侯的老師。

二、孔子能因材施教

子夏、子游、孟武伯、孟懿子都問孝，孔子的答覆也都不一樣，孔子是聖之時者也，就是講究時機，能夠因材施教、循循善誘。從不同章節的問孝中，可以看出孔子的教學風格非常活潑。

三、事奉父母親，和顏悅色很難得

事奉老師要懂得恭敬，老師有事的時候弟子要代勞，比如說做雜務、跑腿、招待、辦事等等。有酒肉飯菜，學生要請老師用，師生之間可以如朋友般融洽，也可以像父子般親密，但是如此事奉父母，沒有和顏悅色，還不算是孝。

四、孝道面面觀

從前後幾章的問孝中可以知道，孝不是只有守禮、不是只有口體之養、不是只有敬、也不是只讓父母親不擔心，孝還要和顏悅色。所以孝道要面面觀，才能夠完整認識如何盡孝，盡孝能讓父母心情愉快，出門與人交往，也會通達人情世故，出路就在其中。

為政篇第八章白話解釋

【經文】

子夏問孝。子曰：色難。有事，弟子服其勞。有酒食，先生饌，曾是以為孝乎。

【字詞解釋】

食：ㄙˋ，飯食。

饌：ㄓㄨㄢˋ，吃喝。

【白話解釋】

卜商，字子夏，晉國人。孔門十哲之一，少孔子四十四歲，善於文學，是春秋戰國有成就的儒學教育家。

子夏問行孝之道。孔子回答：色難。即一般以飲食養父母，不算是難事，唯孝子以和顏悅色侍奉父母，才是難得。一個孝子與父母相處時，心中和順欣悅，表現於外便是和顏悅色。此色是孝心的表現，能養父母之心，所以是難。舉例來說，老師有事，弟子就替老師服務，不避勞苦，弟子有酒食的時候，就拿來奉養老師。弟子事奉老師如此，如果為人子者事奉雙親，也是如此的話，這樣就叫做孝嗎？這樣還不算孝，必須以很愉快的態度承順父母，在尊敬之中，表現父子間的感情、情分，這樣才能算是孝。

【章旨】

此章言為孝必須承順父母的顏色。(色為父母之色)或是：孝子奉侍父母，要和顏悅色。(色為人子之色)

《論語講要》原文

子夏問行孝之道。孔子答復他說：「色難。」色，是顏色。難，是不容易。以飲食養父母，不算是難事。唯以和顏悅色侍奉父母，才是難得。一個孝子，與父母相處時，心中自然和順欣悅，形之於外，便是和顏悅色。此色是孝心的表現，能養父母之心，所以是難。

孔子說了「色難」之後，即舉事例說明。「有事，弟子服其勞。有酒食，先生饌。曾是以為孝乎。」馬融注：「先生，謂父兄也。饌，飲食之也。」馬注稱父兄為先生，後儒多不從。茲依通常解釋，稱呼老師為先生。孔子舉例說。老師有事，弟子代勞。有酒、有食，弟子奉請老師飲之食之。弟子事師如此，如果人子事親，也是如此，乃是以為孝乎。

禮記檀弓篇記載，事親與事師，皆須奉養與服勤，但喪禮有分別。師去世時，弟子心喪三年，不須穿喪服。平時事師雖然與事親要同等的奉養服勤，但事師著重於尊敬，事父母則著重於親子之情，須有和顏悅色，所以只拿事師之道來事父母，不足以為孝。

此章「色難」之義，昔儒解釋甚繁。古注約有兩種解釋。一是包咸說：「色難者，謂承順父母顏色，乃為難也。」此以色指父母的顏色。一是詩經邶風凱風篇，孔穎達正義引論語此章鄭注說：「和顏悅色，是為難也。」此以色指為人子的顏色。程氏集釋按語：「色難，包注與鄭注異。然下服勞奉養，皆就人子言之。則色當為人子之色。鄭注義為長。」

English

Teacher Tang Yuling will accompany you to read The Analects

25    Book 2 Wei Zheng (Of Governance), Chapter 8

Zi Xia asked what filial piety was. The Master said, “The difficulty is with the countenance. If, when their elders have any troublesome affairs, the young take the toil of them, and if, when the young have wine and food, they set them before their elders, is THIS to be considered filial piety?”

Highlights of this lecture include:

1. Get to know Zixia

  Bu Shang卜商, is commonly known by his courtesy name Zixia子夏is also represented as an extensively well-read and exacting scholar of high literary achievements. He was 44 years younger than Confucius. After the Master died, Zixia was recorded teaching at Xihe vicinity and had once been the teacher of Prince Wan of Wei state.

2. Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude.

   Zixia, Ziyou, Meng Wubo, and Meng Yizi all had raised the same questions on filial piety, while Confucius’ replies were very different. Confucius was the sage of timeous. He was able to the opportune moment to benefit his students by giving them guidance. From these chapter related to questions about filial devotion, we can see that Confucius’ teachings were full of live in providing guidance to his followers with different aptitude.

3. The duties of filial piety must be performed with a cheerful countenance, though hard to come by.

  One has to be mindful in serving teachers with respect. A mindful disciple would help to take trouble on teacher’s behalf, to take care of miscellaneous and toilful matters, to receive guests and to do routine task. When there are wine and meals, students should set them before the teacher first. Relationship between teachers and students could be harmonious as between friends, also as close as that between father and son. It is not filial piety if we serve parents without the reverent countenance and demeanor.

4. Many aspects of filial piety in action

  From the previous chapters about filial devotion, we know that filial piety is not only about the practice of propriety, is not only about physical support. It’s not just paying respect, nor let parents free of worries. Filial devotion is more that those, to attend and serve them with amiable and cheerful countenance is compulsory. There are so many aspects in the practice of filial piety, Confucius told his disciples the very many aspects and nature of the virtue, and how to bring the devoted heart into actions. These made parents happy at home, made good friends outside, allowed ones to master the skills to benign and understanding interpersonal relationship. A bright future was there for everyone who knew how to practice filial piety proactively.