本集課程重點包括：

1.莊重的人可以贏得信任，使學習堅固

莊重表現在言語、行為、容貌、嗜好等等，表現得好才有威儀，才會獲得人家的信任與尊重。不莊重的原因就是心不定、靜不下來，這樣求學當然就不會堅固，所以求學也跟穩重有關。

2.學則不固，也可以解釋為學習就不會閉塞

「固」也可以解釋為閉塞的意思，求學的人能夠穩定自己，也不會封閉自己如井底之蛙。

3.本章也教我們求學的方法

方法就是主忠信，無友不如己者。要親近忠信的人，心要以忠信為主，忠信是一個人良好的質地，質地不好，能力愈強，會害到愈多人，所以儒家並沒有否定能力的培養，但是要以忠信的質地為主去培養能力。無友不如己者，是不找壞質地的人來交朋友，所謂「小人近，百事害」。

4.過則無憚改，自己學習才能得益

沒有改正自己，親近善友其實也不能得到益處。因為好的老師、朋友，一定會對我們規過勸善，過而不改，他們會漸漸疏遠，不會與我們切磋琢磨。

學而篇第八章白話解釋

【經文】

 子曰：君子不重則不威，學則不固；主忠信，無友不如己者，過則勿憚改。

【字詞解釋】

固：蔽塞，另解為堅固。

憚：ㄉㄢˋ，害怕、畏懼。

【白話解釋】

解法一

孔子說：君子不莊重則沒有威儀，求學才不會蔽塞不通，才不會不莊重。必須要親近忠信之人，以忠信之人為師，勿交與我道不同之人為友。人有過，自己不知道，老師朋友知道而告之，不要怕難而不改。

解法二

孔子說：君子不莊重則沒有威儀，所學則不堅固。欲其堅固，必須以忠信為主，所學則堅固，其人才能莊重而有威儀。勿交與我道不同之人為友，人有過，自己不知道，老師朋友知道而告之，不要怕難而不改。

【章旨】

本章言君子所具的品德有五，即莊重、好學、主忠信、慎交友，及勇於改過。

《論語講要》原文

此章講法有二。其一：「君子不重則不威。」重者，莊重。威，是威儀。君子不莊重，則無威儀。

「學則不固。」孔安國注：「固，蔽也。」焦循論語補疏引曲禮鄭康成注：「固，謂不達於禮也。」焦氏以為：「不達於禮，是為蔽塞不通。」蔽塞，不達於禮，所以不莊重。求學則不蔽塞，故云學則不固。

「主忠信，無友不如己者，過則勿憚改。」此說學。鄭注：「主，親也。」親近忠信之人，以忠信之人為師。學須有師，又須交友。無友不如己者，如字古注有異解，一作似字講。茲從之。不如己，指在修養道德方面不似我，例如我講求忠信，彼則講求詐術，彼我志不同，道不合，不能結交為友。無友之無，舊文作毋，義為勿。無友不如己者，即是勿交與我道不同之人為友。人有過，而不自知，師友知而告之，則勿憚改。鄭注：「憚，難也。」有過，勿難於改也。

又一講法：「君子不重則不威，學則不固。主忠信。」君子不莊重，則無威儀，學則不堅固。欲其堅固，須以忠信為主。皇疏：「忠信為心，百行之主也。」故以忠信為主，所學則堅固，其人則能莊重而有威儀。

「無友不如己者，過則勿憚改。」講法如前。

揚子法言修身篇，謂人須取四重。即重言，重行，重貌，重好。言重則有法，行重則有德，貌重則有威，好重則有觀。此處好字即是嗜好。嗜好高雅者，如琴棋書畫等，則有可觀。學者言行貌好皆須學其莊重。

English

Teacher Tang Yuling will accompany you to read The Analects

9.Book 1 Xue Er (On Learning), Chapter 8

Highlights of this lecture include:

1. Solemn people can win trust and make learn-study firm

  Solemn attitude in speech, behaviors, looks, hobbies, are indications that can win us trust and respect; that is “will call forth veneration.” Losing one’s composure is always caused by a preoccupied light-mindedness that cannot calm one down. These personality traits certainly won’t help in focusing on self-cultivation. Firmness in character does help in solid learn-study effectiveness. Therefore, “If the scholar be not solemn,…will not call forth any veneration” nor solid learning possible.

2. “His learning won’t get stubborn,”-- the learn-study process won’t be disrupted

  “固(Gu)” can also mean stubborn. A solemn scholar with a firm character will not be blinded by his stubbornness; or as that of a frog lived at the bottom of a well who convinced by very limited outlook.

3. This chapter also teaches us how to study, the principles of self-cultivation.

  The principles of self-cultivation, one must “hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles;” and “have no friends not equal to yourself.”

  “Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles;” One’s heart must be governed by faithfulness and sincerity. They are the key virtuous qualities as a humane scholar. A competent man without these two qualities can bring more and bigger damages to the human race. Confucianism does not against the idea of competency fostering, but the cultivation of the two virtuous qualities is a must and prior to other capabilities.

  “Have no friends not equal to yourself;” Friendship is so important for a learner-scholar, if a friend who is not on equal-footing or even inferior to him in no matter virtues, abilities, personality and eager to learn, it is better to keep him a distance. As “a friend of low moral stature will ruin whatever good deeds to perform.”  

4. “When you have faults, do not fear to abandon them”, this can benefit you throughout the learning process

  Without correcting your faults, even close virtuous friends cannot help you to improve yourself. Because good teachers and friends will definitely give advices and persuade good friends to improve, to abandon faults. A person who does not want to abandon his faults, virtuous friends will eventually choose to leave because they don’t think they have the abilities to help him to improve, or to learn from each other by exchanges of views.