本集課程重點包括：

1.父親在的時候要看心志

小孩子在家裡面先跟父母親學，出外再跟老師朋友學，所以父親在的時候，看他是否有向父親學習的心志，學習看到父親的優點，變成自己的特色；見到缺點，要會警惕。使自己的人格特質中，能有父親的長處，並懂得在家以父親為主，這也是孝道的開始。

2.父親過世後要維持家風

本章特別講三年守喪期間，要懂得維持家中良好的老規矩，思念父親的長處，好好保留，讓祖德流芳，維持家風，這才是家庭快樂的源頭。

學而篇第十章白話解釋

【經文】

子曰：父在觀其志，父沒觀其行；三年無改於父之道，可謂孝矣。

【字詞解釋】

沒：ㄇㄛˋ，同歿，過世。

【白話解釋】

孔子說：父親在世的時候，要觀察兒子的志向，看他的志向是不是一個孝子，若是孝子，他就會看著父親的言行，跟著父親學，把父親所做的事記在心裡，父親有善行，則承順他，父親有過失時，則勸告他，家裡有重要的事情由父親做主，兒子不能獨斷獨行。父親不在世，長子就繼承家長的地位，可以自己做主，這時候要觀察兒子的行為。若兒子守喪三年，哀傷思念猶如父親還在世，且不改父親在世時的老規矩，如此可以稱得上是孝子。

【章旨】

孔子談論孝子平時如何諭親於道，守喪三年家中之諸事，猶父在時之禮規也。

《論語講要》原文

    孔安國注：「父在，子不得自專。故觀其志而已。父沒，乃觀其行也。孝子在喪，哀慕猶若父在，無所改於父之道也。」

    此章為夫子論孝。父在世，子不得專，但觀其心志是否肖父。例如父有善行，則承順之，有不善行，則幾諫之。父歿，子得自專，乃觀其行為。居喪三年，哀思猶若父存，不改於父之道。如此可謂孝矣。

    經文：「觀其志。觀其行。」古人有謂觀父之志，觀父之行。今依孔注及皇、邢二疏，仍作觀子之志，觀子之行講。三年無改於父之道，是就善者而言。如不善，則非不可改。然如非善非惡，乃父所守之家中舊規矩，則以不改為是。

English

Teacher Tang Yuling will accompany you to read The Analects 12

12.Book 1 Xue er (On Learning), Chapter 11

The Master said, “While a man’s father is alive, look at the bent of his will; when his father is dead, look at his conduct. If for three years he does not alter from the way of his father, he may be called filial.”

Highlights of this lecture include:

1. While a man’s father is alive, look at the bent of his will; Look at one’s will—his fixed wishes and intention--when his father is alive.

Most of the time, children in a family learn from their parents. After that, they learn with friends and teachers. In ancient time, father as the head of a family taking care of household affairs, making decisions and so on, his will could be observed by the young ones. When one’s father is there, a son will stay close, to understand and observe; read his mind and know his will. Trying to learn his father’s strengths and make them his own. When his father’s shortcomings are inclined to show up, the young one has to be vigilant. The legacy and strengths of father will pass onto the son as nutrients for the development of his personality. With a mind on the will and feelings of his father, take father’s needs first, is considered a step forwards to the fulfilment of filial piety.

2. Keep a family tradition alive after father passed away

This chapter puts emphasis, especially in the three-year mourning period, on how to keep and pass down the good old rules in the family as that when father was alive. In this way, a son won’t forget the good of the deceased. During the period, he think of his father always, missing him in memories, work and daily chores. The virtues and good deeds of the deceased will be kept in mind by the survivors. The good names of the ancestors will carry on to the descendants. This is the filial piety Confucius valued high in family as the source of joyfulness.