本集課程重點包括：

一、認識子張

      子張小孔子四十八歲，是孔子的後期弟子，在孔子過世後，子張成為孔門八大派其中之一，可見他的努力與用功。曾子也非常讚歎子張，在子張五十七歲過世時，曾子顧不了他正在服喪，穿著喪服去弔祭這位朋友，可見兩人的情誼深厚。

二、為何要學干祿？

      學干祿，就是問如何在國家當官拿俸祿，做官辦政治最能利益蒼生，所以君子不但有公心，還要從人民的需要中去培養能力，解決民生的困苦。

三、如何得到祿位？

      要聽得多，對於所聞要分析，認為有問題時，要有所保留，沒有問題的部分，也要謹慎地說，如此言語上的過失就會很少，可以獲得別人的信任。還要看得多，看不明白的地方也要從缺保留，有把握的部分謹慎地做，後悔的事就會愈來愈少，「祿」就在這當中，因為這樣的人一定會被推舉出來，即便沒有被推舉，在亂世中也能夠趨吉避凶。

為政篇第十八章白話解釋

【經文】

子張學干祿。子曰：多聞闕疑，慎言其餘，則寡尤。多見闕殆，慎行其餘，則寡悔。言寡尤，行寡悔，祿在其中矣。

【字詞解釋】

闕：ㄑㄩㄝ，空缺存疑。

殆：ㄉㄞˋ，危疑不安。

【白話解釋】

      子張，複姓顓孫，名師，字子張，陳國人，孔子弟子，小孔子四十八歲。

      子張學習從事政治求取祿位的方法。孔子回答，辦政治首須博學，在廣學多聞中，對事情如果不能完全了解或有所疑問時，可以從闕不談、存而不論，切不可以妄加論斷。存疑之外，其他有把握的才說，言語要恰到好處，不可多說，多言則不免有過失。

      所見雖然不少，但尚有不安心不確定的事情，亦須從闕不做。其他無疑惑的事，也必須謹慎而行，恰到好處，無過無不及，如此則少後悔。

      言語少過失，行事少後悔，這樣就是可以辦事的人，俸祿官位自在其中。

【章旨】

      此章言語行事寡尤寡悔即是得祿之法。

《論語講要》原文

      「子張學干祿。」子張是孔子的弟子。學干祿，就是學求從事政治之意。鄭康成注：「弟子，姓顓孫，名師，字子張。幹，求也。祿，祿位也。」

      「子曰」以下，是孔子教子張求祿之道。

      「多聞闕疑。」邢疏，多聞就是博學。學無止境，雖然博學，仍有不能完全瞭解之事，此即是疑。有疑可以存而不論，不可妄加論斷，是為闕疑。劉氏正義闕作空字講。闕疑就是存疑之意。

      「慎言其餘，則寡尤。」包鹹注：「尤，過也。其餘不疑，猶慎言之，則少過。」慎言，是說言語要恰到好處，不可多說，多則不免有失。

      「多見闕殆。」包注：「殆，危也。」此危字有不安之意。王引之經義述聞：「殆猶疑也。謂所見之事若可疑，則闕而不敢行也。」雖然多見，尚有危疑不安於心之事，亦須闕而不行，是為闕殆。

      「慎行其餘，則寡悔。」其餘，指無疑惑之事，亦須中道而行，恰到好處，無過無不及，是為慎行。如此則少後悔。

      「言寡尤，行寡悔，祿在其中矣。」言語少過失，行事少後悔，祿位即在其中。即可辦政事。鄭注：「言行如此，雖不得祿，亦同得祿之道。」劉氏正義引禮記王制篇「司馬辨論官材」之文，以為古時有鄉舉裡選之法，故寡尤寡悔即是得祿之道。劉氏說：「當春秋時，廢選舉之務，世卿持祿，賢者隱處，多不在位。故鄭以寡尤寡悔有不得祿，而與古時得祿之道相同。明學者幹祿當不失其道。其得之不得，則有命矣。孟子雲，古之人脩其天爵，而人爵從之。亦言古選舉正法。」

English

Teacher Tang Yuling will accompany you to read The Analects 35

35.Book 2 Wei Zheng (Of Governance), Chapter 18

Zi Zhang was learning with a view to official emolument. The Master said, “Hear much and put aside the points of which you stand in doubt, while you speak cautiously at the same time of the others - then you will afford few occasions for blame. See much and put aside the things which seem perilous, while you are cautious at the same time in carrying the others into practice - then you will have few occasions for repentance. When one gives few occasions for blame in his words, and few occasions for repentance in his conduct, he is in the way to get emolument.”

Highlights of this lecture include:

1. Who is Zi Zhang?

  Zhuansun Shi顓孫師, was commonly known by his courtesy name Zi Zhang 子張. He was 48 years younger than Confucius and was his later disciple. After Confucius passed away, Zi Zhang headed one of the eight main schools of Confucian tradition. This showed Zi Zhang was a very diligent student of Confucius. Zeng Zi 曾子 was also very fond of him and had praised him highly. When Zi Zhang died at the age of 57, Zeng Zi was still mourning for his late mother. Zeng Zi was so sad that he disregard the custom of forbidding filial son in mourning to pay homage to other’s death. Zeng Zi still in his mourning costume, rushed to Zi Zhang funeral to pay him respect. One can see that how close their friendship was.

2. Why do we have to study with an eye to official income?

  To study with an eye to official income, that’s means to enter the officialdom. To become a member of the officialdom allowed an intellect to take part in national administration. This is in the best position for good governance to prevail and benefiting people. Therefore, a junzi not only has to harbor a keen mind on public good and interests, but also has to cultivate his abilities to satisfy people's needs and to relieve the hardship of the general public.

3. How to make oneself ready to enter the officialdom?

  You have to listen a lot, and analyze what you have heard. When you think there is a problem, you have to be reserved, kept it in mind. If there is no problem in what you heard and learn, still you should be careful. Verbal errors, even small, will be prevented to violate trust of others. Furthermore, one has to widen his scope and perspectives, reaching out to consolidate his knowledge base, keeping doubtful parts reserved in mind, and bring those confirmed in action carefully, so that you would not do thing wrong and regret about it. The regrets will become less and less because you seldom make mistakes in your utterance given. “One is in the way to get emolument” This is almost time to enter the officialdom. You are on the high road to your preferment. The position would make ready for you, because such people of talents will surely be inferred. Even if you are not recommended, your talent as such can make you safe (to avoid evil and seek luck) in a chaotic world or turbulent times.