本集課程重點包括：

一、本章之歷史背景

      魯哀公的「哀」，是他過世以後的諡號，用來表彰一生的功過。他在內亂當中被三家大夫驅逐出境，在位雖有二十七年，魯國卻是走向衰弱。本章之問，就是三家大夫專權，哀公不得百老姓擁護的背景。

二、國君的重點任務在舉用人才

      國君並不是什麼事都要親為，重點在知人善任，例如大舜就是謹慎要求自己、提升自己，而且知人善任，所以能夠創造太平盛世。孔子告訴魯哀公，把正直、有公心的人，安置在小人或自私的人上面，小人就不敢為非作歹，君子可以運用他的能力來利益人民，老百姓就會佩服。

三、舉用自私的人，人民就不服從

      有心要去利益國家的君子，如果都置於小人之下，使君子無法發揮，大家就會往私利上講究，而不在乎老百姓的出路，老百姓就不會服從。

為政篇第十九章白話解釋

【經文】

哀公問曰：何為則民服。孔子對曰：舉直錯諸枉，則民服。舉枉錯諸直，則民不服。

【字詞解釋】

錯：ㄘㄨㄛˋ，置也。

諸：ㄓㄨ，之於二字的合音字。

【白話解釋】

魯哀，姬姓，名將，魯定公的兒子，是魯國第二十六任君主，在位二十七年。

解法一

      魯哀公問孔子，如何做才能使百姓信服政府？孔子回答哀公說：舉用正直為公的人，廢置曲枉自私的人，人民由此蒙受利益，就會信服。倘若舉用曲枉自私的人，廢置正直為公的人，人民由此蒙受傷害，就不會信服。

解法二

      魯哀公問孔子，如何做才能使百姓信服政府？孔子回答哀公說：舉用正直為公的人，將其地位放在曲枉不正直的人之上，不正直的小人就會受制於在上位的君子，不得為惡，如此人民就會信服。反之，若把曲枉不正直的人的地位放在正直為公的人之上，人民蒙受其害，就不會信服。

【章旨】

      三家執政已久，哀公頗不得意，故有此問。孔子答以舉錯之道為治國、使民信服的方法。

《論語講要》原文

      哀公，魯君。問孔子：何所為之，則民始服耶？當時三家執政已久，哀公頗不得意，故有此問。孔子對以舉錯之道。包鹹注：「錯，置也。舉正直之人用之，廢置邪枉之人，則民服其上。」謂舉用正直為公之人，捨置曲枉自私之人，民受其利，乃服。若舉用曲枉，捨置正直，民受其害，不服。魯國此時，三家專橫，即是舉枉錯諸直，故民不服。此為通義。古注又一義，錯諸之諸字，乃「之於」二字之合音字。如王應麟困學紀聞，引孫季和之說，以及劉氏正義等，以為舉直者而置之於枉者之上，民所以服。舉枉者而置之於直者之上，民所以不服。此義仍用小人，惟當置於下位，受制於在上之君子，不得為惡，民不被害，亦服。此義較優。劉氏正義以此與夫子尊賢容眾之德相合。

English

Teacher Tang Yuling will accompany you to read The Analects 36

36.Book 2 Wei Zheng (Of Governance), Chapter 19

The Duke Ai asked, saying, “What should be done in order to secure the submission of the people?“ Confucius replied, “Advance the upright and set aside the crooked, then the people will submit. Advance the crooked and set aside the upright, then the people will not submit.”

Highlights of this lecture include:

1. Historical background of this chapter

  Duke Ai of Lu, was the head of the state of Lu. “Ai” was the transliteration of the Chinese word “哀” the posthumous name or Temple name given to the Duke of Lu, Duke Ai means “Duke with grief.” Temple name was given in recognition of one’s lifetime contributions and errors. Being forced to flee abroad in an internal strife in Lu, making Duke Ai an absentee head of State Lu in exile. During his 27-year so-called reign had marked the beginning of a weak state of Lu. This chapter needs to be considered in the context of a weak Lu court dominated by three aristocratic clans. And Duke Ai, as head of Lu State didn’t have the support of his subjects.

2. The key task of the head of state is to recruit talents

  The head of state does not have to do everything himself, his main task is to know his officials well enough to assign them jobs commensurate with their abilities. An example is the Ancient Chinese Emperor Shun, who was very strict to himself, always tried to learn and improve. He was excelled in putting the right man in the right position under his leadership. After he ascended the throne, he had created a time of peace and great prosperity of China. Confucius told Duke Ai of Lu that appointing the upright and selfless people in higher official positions than those subordinates of petty virtues or crooked in character. Even if the capable subordinates were xiaoren of lesser virtues or selfish, they can still contribute their efforts properly under the auspices of the virtuously superior gentlemen. Xiaorens dared not to do evil deeds under supervision of the upright gentlemen. Then, as a leader, with the assistance of the talents he recruited, the government is well-led and gratefully supported. The Duke, by the right employment of his officers may secure and render the real submission of his subjects.

3. Promote the crooked and reject the upright, and the effect will be the reverse

  A prince, the head of state cannot win people's support once the xiaoren or the crooked is promoted and placed above junzi. Once a junzi, having a heart to benefit the general public, is placed under the crooked and cannot display his talent, people of lesser virtues will chase after their own interests, the subjects would neither give their support nor submissive to a misled government.