本集課程重點包括：

一、學先從仁開始

    本章是有子的精采言論，前一章講人生最重要的是學習，但是要學些什麼呢?要先從學仁開始。也就是要先端正心態，懂得利益別人，人生才有出路。果然有利他的胸懷，學什麼都能夠幫助自己，也能夠幫助大家。

二、為人要從孝悌開始

    因為孝悌是人際關係的第一步，孝就是在家裡面能夠奉養父母，包括奉養父母的身與心；悌就是與兄弟姊妹伯叔嬸姨的和睦相處。從最親近的家人、家族相處開始做起，才能做好與朋友、長官、部屬等外人的相處。孝悌的人具有感恩的心，這樣的人能夠為公發心，所以君子樂於提拔，他人樂於擁護。

三、孝悌可以培養領導統御的能力

孝就是經營家庭的和諧風氣，悌就是經營家族的和諧風氣，相處能夠和諧，代表這個人有處世的能力，是領導之才、宰相之才。宰相不一定要專業，但是宰相要能調和鼎鼐，像白紙能夠接受各種顏色，像甘草能夠讓各種中藥的藥性發揮，所以孝悌就是調和能力訓練的開始，果然能夠在家庭、家族中訓練這種能力，出外不會犯上作亂，還能領導人才團隊，創造利益大眾的事業，所以君子追求仁道，根本就在孝悌。

學而篇第二章經文及白話解釋

【經文】

有子曰：其為人也孝弟，而好犯上者，鮮矣；不好犯上，而好作亂者，未之有也。君子務本，本立而道生。孝弟也者，其為仁之本與。

【字詞解釋】

弟：ㄊㄧˋ，敬重兄長，友愛兄弟。

鮮：ㄒㄧㄢˇ，少。

務：致力從事。

【白話解釋】

    有子，姓有，名若，魯國人，孔子弟子。

    有子說：一個平常會孝順父母、善事兄長的人，處於社會中，極少有喜好觸犯上位者，不喜歡觸犯在上的人，則必不喜歡作亂，社會由此安寧。君子修道必求其根本，根本立則得其仁，得其大道，而根本就是孝悌。

【章旨】

    此章教人孝悌修身，乃學仁、行仁之根本。

《論語講要》原文

    有子，孔子弟子，名若。善事父母為孝，善事兄長為弟。人身來自父母，兄弟情同手足，故須孝弟。孝經說孝甚詳，簡言之，普通人盡孝，其始為養父母之身，進而順父母之心。他如求學必勤，戰陣必勇，居官必廉，皆是孝子行為。孝弟之人處社會，少有好犯上者。不好犯上，則必不好作亂，社會由此安寧。

    務者求也，本即根本。君子修道必求其根本，本立，則得其仁，得其大道。何謂根本，孝弟是也。

【雪公講義】

    【按】此段經文，列於學而之次者。據史記及唐宋諸儒之說，均謂有若之言似夫子，曾立而師之，故成書者尊之。此以人而言也。又有云：古之明王，教民以孝弟為先，故次列之。此以事而言也。

    因上二說，引起諸多異議。有謂起句「其為人也孝弟」，結句謂「孝弟為仁之本」，終屬未通。遂有多人各本考據，謂「仁、人」古通，仁當人解，於義為長。簡舉各說如後，而主仁者仍守不變。

    【考證】陳善捫蝨新語，王恕石渠意見，焦氏筆乘：「何比部語予…」，朱彬經傳考證，劉氏正義，宋氏翔鳳鄭注輯本等，餘難備舉，皆引據以此處之「仁」當作人。宋儒本好更張，獨此處仁字照舊未改。但程叔子謂性中有仁，何嘗有孝弟來。謝顯道謂孝弟非仁。陸子靜直斥有子之言為支離。王伯安謂仁祇求於心，不必求諸父兄事物等說。未免門戶紛爭，幾不似註經，而似闢經矣。

    【按】仁人古同，典籍確有。然與此段經文，仍難圓融。何以不「其為人也孝弟」句，亦用仁字。一段文理，而用古今兩字，例不多見。

    【考證】邢疏，此章言孝弟之行也。揅經室集云：孔子道在孝經，有子此章實通澈本源之論，其列於首篇次章宜也。又孫詒仲曰：仁之發見，其切近而精實者，莫先於孝弟。陳天祥四書辨疑云：孟子言人人親其親、長其長，而天下平。與此章義同。蓋皆示人以治國平天下之要端也。

    【按】愚於此段經文，惑於群言，數十年不解，近匯所研，妄有所採，以孫陳二氏之說，深得於心。再依各經之文，以作訓言，略述拙見。

    此章似承學而所來。學者何，內明德格致誠正，外新民脩齊治平。內為體而外為用。內體本仁，外用行仁。夫子之學，既是仁學，故處心行事，無不是仁。禮大學篇：自天子以至於庶人，壹是皆以修身為本。此章人孝弟脩身也。中庸云：脩身以道，脩道以仁。鮮犯上、家齊也。不好作亂、國治也。大學云：一家仁、一國興仁。此言脩齊治平之學，皆依仁而興起。

    其下四句，乃有子引孔子之言以實之，考證列後。君子務本，指脩身也。本立道生，中庸篇云：脩身則道立。言其所學而有立，兼內與外見而知行也。孝弟為仁之本。說文仁為人與人加厚之義。中庸篇仁者人也，親親為大。是行仁以孝弟為本，以孝弟為大也。此章分明文承首章之學，而統論孔子之崇仁，故次列之。全章文從字順，原始要終，非專言孝弟，更不獨專尊有子也。

    【考證】揅經室集論仁篇：此四句乃孔子語。而本立道生一句，又古逸詩也。雖漢人引論語往往皆以為孔子之言，但劉向明以此上二句為孔子之言。

English

Teacher Tang Yuling will accompany you to read The Analects

3  Book 1 Xue er, Chapter 2

Highlights of this lecture include:

1. The concept of "Ren" is the starting point of real learning

     This chapter is a brilliant remark on learning by You-zi on. Last chapter expresses the importance of learning for one's life, but what should we focus on? He emphasized the need to take "Ren" feelings as the point of departure in real learning. That is, we must first adjust our mindset and know how to benefit others, as "Ren" refers to an universal benevolent feelings affiliate to each and everyone. Then, with appropriate manner, we can get set on the right foot, make ourselves ready in the pursue of life-long learning. Sure enough, as long as we have altruism in mind, learning is always a process that will benefit both us and others.

2.  Filial piety and brotherhood come first

     The common virtues of filial piety and brotherly love come first and prior to different forms of human relations. Filial piety refers to material support and emotional care for parents. Brotherly love, in a broad sense, could include harmonic relationships among siblings, uncles, aunts and closest relatives; friends and colleagues.  People with such virtues are always grateful and altruistic---the qualities which rulers looking for services, and peoples willing to support.

3. Filial piety and brotherly love foster the capacity of a leader

Filial piety maintain familial harmony. Brotherly love contains such atmosphere in a clan. People with such virtues and ability to handle familial and filial matters and relations, are said to have good potential to become leaders and prime ministers. Their talents could be many, but the capability in mediation with open-minded thinking is essential. Open-mindedness is like a white clean paper ready for colors to write on; or like licorice, a herb that can mediate the effects of medicinal properties of various Chinese medicines play. Therefore, filial piety and brotherly love are virtues and qualities crucial for the development of capable leaders. And family is in fact the leaders-raising ground. The ability of mediation and the good nature to serve the public can help a person to foster talents quickly and further to foster an universal benevolent heart of "Ren" for the benefits nationwide. Therefore, a true gentleman of all virtues will kick-start to pursue the heart of  "Ren"  that rooted in the filial piety.