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27.看人的方法 講師:唐瑜凌先生第30課

本章課程重點包括:

一、本章講觀人法

《論語》裡面有時教我們「自觀」,觀自己的狀況,找出自己的缺點;還有一種是「觀人」,要找對老師、找到益友、找事業的夥伴,當然要學習怎麼觀人。

 

二、觀人三步驟

第一步叫做「視其所以」。就是眼睛看他怎麼說、怎麼做,比如說是辦善、還是辦惡事?是合乎常軌,或者不合乎常軌。

第二步是「觀其所由」。觀他這樣辦事的理由是什麼?比如他為什麼要罵人?說話有沒有合道理?或者其實是巴結諂媚?

第三步是「察其所安」,此人內心安在何處?比如作善事卻遭逢逆境,會不會因此對做善失去信心?比如說學聖賢之道結果帶來了貧窮,是否對聖賢之道也沒有信心了?這叫做察其所安。

 

三、人情無法隱藏

透過上述的觀察,由淺入深,從表面看到內裡,人情又怎麼能隱藏得住呢!但這三步驟需要有知識背景的配合,需要有人情世故的通達,才能用正理去觀察,才有正確的判斷的標準,這也是孔子的經驗閱歷,是他「六十而耳順」的能耐。

 

 

為政篇第十章白話解釋

【經文】

子曰:視其所以;觀其所由;察其所安。人焉廋哉,人焉廋

 

【字詞解釋】

廋:ㄙㄡ,隱藏。

 

【白話解釋】

孔子說:如何知人,以三個面向觀察人就是知人的方法。一是看此人平常所作的事,這是從近處看,然而只看眼前的事,尚不足以了解此人。所以二是觀非常之事,也可以說是從遠處看此人如何辦事,亦即由過去的特別事跡,進一步認識此人。三是就其前述所視所觀的事而言,詳查此人辦完事之後,他的表情如何,內心是否以此為安,以明其本意。知人很難,但用以上的方法,便能知道他是何種人,是君子,是小人,皆能顯然,所以一個人如何能隱藏他的居心,隱藏不了啊。

 

【章旨】

此章言知人之法。

 

 

《論語講要》原文

學而篇:「子曰,不患人之不己知,患不知人也。」如何知人,此章視觀察三句經文就是知人的方法。

 

春秋隱公五年穀梁傳:「常事曰視,非常曰觀。」爾雅釋詁:「察,審也。」劉氏正義說:「視、觀、察,以淺深次第為義。」

 

「視其所以。」以,何晏集解作用字講。皇侃解釋:「即日所行用之事。」即日就是當日,近在眼前。即日之事,就是穀梁傳解釋的日用尋常的事情。視其所以,就是看此人平常所作之事。這是從近處看。只看眼前之事,尚不足以了解此人。

 

「觀其所由。」集解:「由,經也。言觀其所經從。」皇疏之意,從來所經歷之事。劉氏正義:「所由,是前日所行事。」依穀梁傳說,即是觀非常之事。這也可以說,從遠處看此人如何辦事。亦即由過去的特別事跡,進一步認識此人。

 

「察其所安。」就前述所視所觀之事而言,詳察其辦完事情之後,他的表情如何,以明其本意。皇疏:「安,謂意氣歸向之也。」劉氏正義:「安者,意之所止也。」潘維城論語古注集箋說:「行善而安之,則善日進。有過而安之,則惡日積。」

 

皇疏:「視,直視也。觀,廣瞻也。察,沈吟用心忖度之也。即日所用易見,故云視。而從來經歷處,此即為難,故言觀。情性所安,最為深隱,故云察也。」

 

「人焉廋哉,人焉廋哉。」廋,是隱藏之義。孔安國注,作匿字講。知人很難,但用以上的方法,即由其人各種事跡去觀察,便能知道他是何種人,是君子,是小人,皆能顯然,他何能隱匿其實情。

 

皇疏:「焉,安也。廋,匿也。言用上三法,以觀驗彼人之德行,則在理必盡。故彼人安得藏匿其情耶。再言之者,深明人情不可隱也。」

 

 

English

 

Teacher Tang Yuling will accompany you to read The Analects

 

27.Book 2 Wei Zheng (Of Governance), Chapter 10

 

The Master said, “See what a man does. Mark his motives. Examine in what things he rests. How can a man conceal his character? How can a man conceal his character?”

 

 

Highlights of this lecture include:

1. On knowing people by observing

The Analects teaches us the method of knowing ourselves by “self-observation” – to observe and look inward introspectively, so as to understand ones’ shortcomings by reflection. The process of observing others would assist us in “knowing” somebody who may befit to be our teachers, friends of good influence and helpful business partners.

 

2. Three steps on observing people

  The first step is to “See what a man does”: to look into his eyes to see how he speak and behave. The worst is when he say something good with their words and did something bad with his actions. Did his acts deviate from normal standards or not?

  The second step is to “Mark his motives”: to see the reason behind one’s actions. For instance, why did he get angry with others? Does it make sense? Or, did it mean to be fawning or flattering?

  The third step is to “Examine in what things he rests.” Where does his mind rest? Will he lose confidence easily while his good deeds betraying him in adversity? Would he lose faith in learning the “Great Way of sage and men of virtue” but turned out to be in poverty. This is what “Examine in what things he rests” means.

 

3. Human characters can't be hidden

   Through the step-by-step and in-depth observation mentioned above, how can human characters be hidden! But the three-step observation method requires huge knowledge base and a general and thorough understanding of human life. Proper observations relied on a right rationale and mentality of judgement. The method of how to determine the characters of men was found out of the experiences of Confucius and his “capacity to heard to understand a man thoroughly at the age sixty”



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